Two measures
Recognition rate (higher is better) and perceived malfunction (lower is better).
Measures
MeasureMeaningCriterion
Recognition rateShare who read the intended meaning correctly (%)Strict criterion of the main study
Perceived malfunctionHow much it feels broken (pt, converted to 0–100)Lower is better
GQS (likeability · safety · animacy · intelligence) is used as an outcome measure only. Because of scale assignment and presentation order, types are not compared with each other — only within the same scale.